Ekonomi Koperasi (Pertemuan 1)

Nama : Nadia Putri
NPM: 24215921
Kelas : 2EB19
Tugas : TM1

•  KONSEP KOPERASI 

1      KONSEP KOPERASI BARAT

Konsep barat mengemukakan bahwa koperasi merupakan sebuah organisasi swasta yang dibentuk secara sukarela dan dibentuk oleh sebagian orang yang memiliki kepentingan yang sama. Dengan maksud untuk menciptakan suatu hubungan timbale balik dan saling mendapatkan keuntungan bagi anggota koperasi yang lainnya maupun untuk perusahaan koperasi itu sendiri. Dalam hal pengertian yang negative konsep ini memiliki arti yang bisa dikatakan sebagai “ sebuah organisasi yang memiliki egoisme didalam kelompok nya sendiri”. Adapun dampak dampak yang ditimbulkan dari berdirinya sebuah koperasi berdasarkan konsep barat seperti dampak langsung terhadap anggotanya dan dampak tidak langsung untuk anggotanya

a.      Dampak langsung koperasi terhadap anggotanya

                                     I.          Promosi kegiatan ekonomi anggota

                                   II.          Pengembangan usaha perusagaan koperasi dalam hal investasi,formasi permodalanpengembangan SDM,pengembangan keahlian untuk bertindak sebagai wirausahawan, dan kerjasama antarkoperasi secara horizontal dan vertical

b.      Dampak tidak langsung koperasi terhadap anggotanya, dampak ini akan terjadi bila dampak langsung nya sudah tercapai

                                     I.          Pengembangan kondisi social ekonomi sejumlah produsen skala kecil maupun pelanggan

                                   II.          Mengembangkan inovasi pada perusahaan yang memiliki skala kecil,misalnya inovasi teknik dan metode produksi

2.      KONSEP KOPERASI SOSIALIS

Konsep sosialis menyatakan bahwa koperasi direncanakan dan dikendalikan oleh pemerintah dan dibentuk dengan tujuan merasionalkan produksi guna menunjang perencanaan nasional.Sebagai alat pelaksana dari yang ditetapkan secara sentral, maka koperasi merupakan bagian dari suatu tata administrasi yang menyeluruh,berfungsi sebagai badan yang turut menentukan kebijakan public,serta merupakan badan pengawasan dan pendidikan. Peran penting lain koperasi ialah sebagai wahana untuk mewujudkan kepemilikan kolektif sarana produksi dan untuk mencapai tujuan social politik. Menurut konsep ini, koperasi tidak berdiri sendiri tetapi merupakan subsistem dari system sosialisme untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan system sosialis-komunis.

3.      KONSEP KOPERASI NEGARA BERKEMBANG

Pada konsep koperasi ini memiliki karakterisituk tersendiri seperti, adanya dominasi campur tangan pemerintah dalam pembinaan dan pengembangannya. Campur tangan ini memag di maklumi karena apabila masyarakat dengan kemampuan sumber daya manusia dan modalnya yang  terbatas dibiarkan dengan inisiatif sendiri untuk membentuk koperasi,maka koperasi tersebut tidak akan tumbuh dan berkembang. Sehingga, perkembangan koperasi di Negara berkambang seperti di Indonesia dengan top down approach pada awal pembangunannya dapat diterima,sepanjang  polanya selalu disesuaikan dengan perkembangan pembangunan di Negara tersebut. Adanya campur tangan pemerintah dalam pembinaan dan pengembangan koperasi di Indonesia membuatnya mirip dengan konsep sosialis. Perbedaannya adalah,tujuan koperasi dalam konsep sosialis adalah untuk merasionalkan factor produksi dari kepemilikan pribadi ke kepemilikan kolektif, sedangkan koperasi di Negara berkembang seperti Indonesia , tujuannya adalah meningkatkan kondisi social ekonomi anggotanya.

• LATAR BELAKANG TIMBULNYA ALIRAN KOPERASI

Perbedaan aliran dalam koperasi berkaitan erat dengan factor ideology dan pandangan hidup yang dianut oleh Negara dan masyarakat yang bersangkutan. Secara garis besar, ideology Negara-negara di dunia ini dapat dikelompokan menjadi 3

·        Liberalisme/Kapitalisme

·        Sosialisme

·        Tidak termasuk liberalism maupun sosialisme

Implementasi dari masing-masing ideology ini melahirkan system perekonomian yang berbeda-beda. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa, aliran koperasi dalam suatu Negara tidak dapat dipisahkan dari system perekonomian yang dianut oleh Negara yang bersangkutan.

1.    Keterkaitan Ideologi,Sistem Perekonomian, dan Aliran Koperasi

Keterkaitan ideology, Sistem perekonomian, dan aliran Koperasi yang dianut oleh berbagai Negara dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut

Perbedaan ideology suatu bangsa akan mengakibatkan perbedaan system perekonomiannya dan tentunya aliran koperasi yang dianutpun akan berbeda. Sebaliknya, setiap system perekonomian suatu bangsa juga akan menjiwai system ideology  dan ideology bangsanya dan aliran koperasinya pun akan menjiwai system perekonpmuan dan ideology bangsa tersebut. Gambar dibawah adalah hubungan masing-masing ideology system perekonomian dengan aliran koperasi.

 

1.    Aliran Koperasi

Aliran Koperasi Secara umum aliran koperasi yang dianut oleh pelbagai negara di dunia dapat dikelompokan berdasarkan peran gerakan koperasi dalam system perekonomian dan hubungnnya dengan pemerintah. Paul Hubert Casselman membaginya menjadi 3 aliran, yaitu : 

       I.     Aliran Yardstick Aliran ini pada umumnya dijumpai pada negara-negara yang berideologi kapitalis atau yang menganut sistem perekonomian liberal. Menurut aliran ini, koperasi dapat menjadi kekuatan untuk mengimbangi, menetralisasikan, dan mengoreksi berbagai keburukan yang ditimbulkan oleh system kapitalisme. Walaupun demikian, aliran ini menyadari bahwa organisasi koperasi sebenarnya kurang berperan penting dalam masyarakat, khususnya dalam system dan struktur perekonomiannya. Pengaruh aliran ini cukup kuat, terutama di negara-negara barat dimana industri berkembnag dengan pesat dibawah sistem kapitalisme.

 II.  Aliran Sosialis Menurut aliran ini koperasi dipandang sebagai alat yang paling efektif untuk mencapai kesejahteraan masyarakat, di samping itu menyatukan rakyat lebih mudah melalui organisasi koperasi. Pengaruh aliran ini banyak dijumpai di negara-negara Eropa Timur dan Rusia. 

    III.Aliran Persemakmuran (Commonwealth) Aliran persemakmuran (Commonwealth) memandang koperasi sebagai alat yang efisieen dan efektif dalam meningkatkan kualitas ekonomi masyarakat.

• Sejarah Perkembangan Koperasi

1.    Sejarah Lahirnya Koperasi

Koperasi modern yang telah berkembang hingga saat ini bermula di Inggris, yaitu kota Rochdale pada tahuh 1844. Koperasi timbul pada masa perkembangan kapitalisme sebagai akibat revolusi industry. Pada awalnya, koperasi Rochdale berdiri dengan usaha penyediaan barang-barang konsumsi untuk kebutuhan sehari-hari. Akan tetapi seiring dengan terjadinya penumpukan modal koperasi, koperasi mulai merintis untuk memproduksi sendiri barang yang akan dijual. Kegiatan ini menumbulkan kesempatan kerja bagi anggota yang belum bekerja dan menambah pendapatan bagi mereka yang sudah bekera. Pada tahun 1876, koperasi telah melakukan ekspansi usaha dibidang transportasi,perbankan,dan asuransi. Pada tahun 1870 koperasi juga membuka usaha dibidang penerbitan, berupa surat kabar yang terbit dengan nama Cooperative News.

               Dalam perjalanan sejarah, koperasi tumbuh dan berkembang keseluruh dunia di samping badan usaha lainnya. Setengah abad setelah pendirian koperasi Rochdale, seiring dengan berkembangnya koperasi di berbagai Negara, para pelopor koperasi sepakat untuk membentuk International Cooperative Allianve (ICA-Persekutuan Koperasi Internasional) dalam Kongres Koperasi International yang pertama pada tahun 1896, di London. Dengan terbentuknya ICA,maka koperasi telah menjadi suatu gerakan Internasional.

2.    Sejarah Perkembangan Koperasi di Indonesia

Sejarah koperasi pada awalnya dimulai pada abad ke-20 . Pada umumnya sejarah koperasi dimulai dari hasil usaha kecil yang spontan dan dilakukan oleh rakyat kecil. Kemampuan ekonomi yang rendah mendorong para usaha kecil untuk terlepas dari penderitaan .Secara spontan mereka ingin merubah hidupnya.Di Indonesia  ide - ide perkoperasian diperkenalkan oleh, R. Aria Wiraatmadja yang pada tahun 1896 yang mendirikan sebuah Bank untuk para Pegawai Negeri. Karena semangat yang tinggi perkoperasian pun selanjutnya diteruskan oleh De Wolffvan Westerrode.

Pada tahun 1908, Dr. Sutomo mendirikan Budi Utomo . Dr Sutomo sangat memiliki peranan bagi garakan koperasi untuk memperbaiki dan mensejahtrakan kehidupan rakyat. Pada tahun 1915 dibuat peraturan-peraturan Verordening op de Cooperatieve Vereeniging dan pada tahun 1927 Regeling Inlandschhe Cooperatiev.Pada tahun 1927 dibentuklah Serikat Dagang Islam. Dengan tujuan untuk memperjuangkan kedudukan ekonomi para pengusah-pengusaha pribumi. pada tahun 1929 berdiri Partai Nasional Indonesia yang memberikan dan memperjuangkan semangat untuk penyebaran koperasi di Indonesia.Pada tahun 1942 negara Jepang menduduki Indonesia.Lalu jepang mendirikan koperasi yang diberi nama koperasi kumiyai.

Setelah bangsa Indonesia merdeka tanggal 12 Juli 1947. Gerakan koperasi di Indonesia mengadakan Kongres Koperasi pertama kalinya di Tasikmalaya.Hari itu kemudian ditetapkanlah sebagai Hari Koperasi Indonesia. Kongres Koperasi pertama menghasilkan

1.            Mendirikan sentral Organisasi Koperasi Rakyat Indonesia [SOKRI] 

2.            Menetapkan gotong royong sebagai asas koperasi

3.            Menetapkan pada tanggal 12 Juli sebagai hari Koperasi

Pada tanggal 12 Juli 1953, mengadakan kembali Kongres Koperasi yang ke-2 di Bandung. Kongres koperasi ke -2 mengambil putusan :

1.      Membentuk Dewan Koperasi Indonesia [ Dekopin ]sebagai pengganti SOKRI

2.      Menetapkan pendidikan koperasi sebagai salah satu mata pelajaran di sekolah

3.      Mengangkat Moh. Hatta sebagai Bapak Koperasi Indonesia

4.      Segera akan dibuat undang-undang koperasi yang baru

Kesimpulan : 

Dalam perkembangan tentang koperasi, sejarahnya bahkan aliran koperasi , koperasi dikenal memiliki tiga konsep yang berbeda dan memiliki tujuan yang berbeda pula, namun tujuan yang dimiliki oleh ketiga konsep koperasi tersebut hanya memiliki perbedaan pada peranan pemerintah,masyarakat maupun anggota koperasi itu sendiri, namun adanya perbedaan itu dari ketiga konsep memiliki tujuan yang sama yaitu mengembangkan dan memanfaatkan SDM untuk memajukan perekonomian Negara. 

Sumber: 

https://books.google.co.id/books?id=O48Js7aV3X0C&pg=PA2&dq=%E2%80%A2%09Konsep+koperasi+-+Konsep+koperasi+barat+-+Konsep+koperasi+sosialis+-+Konsep+koperasi+Negara+berkembang&hl=id&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjDvPrsw77PAhVHK48KHU-yBLIQ6AEIHDAA#v=onepage&q&f=true

 

Usaha Kecil Menengah ( Small-Medium Enterprises)

kelas: 1EB23

kelompok : 3

Disusun oleh :

1. Nadia Putri (24215921)
2. Salsabila Eka Putri (26215346)
3. Wulandari Indah Cahyani (27215206)

Small-Medium Enterprises (Smes)

CHAPTER I

A.     Definition

So far the development of business small and medium enterprises (smes) in indonesia serious attention from government and the community broad, especially because the group business unit have contributed so many opportunities work and therefore became one important source for the creation of income. In addition, smes also serves as one important source for gdp growth and the export of non-oil, especially export manufactured goods. Because the importance of three this role, then as methodology, the development of smes in in a economic always measured with three indicators, is the number of L, NOL or NT, and X value of the business group, good in nominal and relative to big business. Smes exist in all economic factors, including in the manufacturing and trade. Because industry and trade small as within the UK according to the laws no. 9 1995 about UK, so limit idk defined by the ministry of industry and trade (of trade) as economic activities which conducted by individuals or household and a body of, aims to producing goods or services for diperniagakan in commercial have net assets the most Rp. 200 million and have the value of per year of Rp. 1 billion or less restrictions on scale business according to the bps, that is based on the criteria the number of L have started to also used by of trade, which as the following. Industry and trade micro 1-4 people; industry and trade small, 5-19 people; industry and trade medium enterprises 20-99 people , and industry and trade large 100 people or more .

B.     The development of the total units and labor in smes

During the 1997-2001 the number of units an effort from semuaskala increased by 430.404 unit of 39.767.207 unit 1997 , be 40.197.611 unit 2001. In partial, group business unit the most is UK, whose numbers are 1997 of 39,7 million units more and 2001 is predicted to reach 40 million units more. When the economy crisis reached climax in 1998, usha of of all categories of experienced negative growth, which the number of uk own decreased by almost 3 million units of or growth about -7,4%. While, UM and UB experienced negative growth greater, namely each 14.2% and 12.7%. This difference identified that UM and UB experienced negative effect is greater than UK from economy crisis .

The number of units smes vary according to sector, and especially UK concentrated on the farm, livestock, forestry, and fishery. 1997, the number of UK in the sector recorded 22.511.588 unit, and 1998 the number increases to 23.097.871 unit, or growing 2.6% (compared UM growing 1.2%) variations is closely kaitanya with the nature of the natural different sektor, the internet in aspects of the voleme, structure, and the system or pattern competition, price changes, and distribution system); the increased availability of input, the needs and the availability of technology; resources and capital; sectoral policy and economic macro; and shape and a level playing among smes and between small and UB and import products .

In theory, the difference performance smes in the agricultural sector with the performance of smes in the manufacturing sector can be explained by approach analysis of the supply side and the demand side. Of the supply side, smes in the agricultural sector (or agricultural businesses in general) did not experience supply bottleneck due to depression the rupiah as many experienced by smes in the manufacturing sector. The main reason is because smes in the agricultural sector is no too depends on imported raw materials and inputlainnya and nor in credit of banking; while in the manufacturing sector a lot of smes who wears raw materials, means of production and other input imported, and the production by loans of a bank or UB through programs business partnership a handful of the government in the days of soeharto. In addition, during the crisis many of those who laid off in the manufacturing sector, return to the village origin and open agricultural a small scale, and this is definitely increase the number of units smes in the sector. Of the demand side, the domestic market to agricultural commodity large fixed, and in times of crisis because people still have to eat; while overseas markets keeps open because of the competitiveness of the price of komoditi-komoditi petanian in indonesia increased at the time of the rupiah decline.

Distribution the number of units according to a scale business and sector shows that in one side, smes having of superiority over ub on the farm, and on the other hand, seen from the types products made, types of technology and means of production used, and methods production applied, smes in indonesia in general still of business category “primitive”. It is very different compared to smes in countries such as south korea, japan, and taiwan is really excellent in the production of things so and half-finished as components machine, automotive, and tools electronics.

Smes in indonesia is very important especially in the creation of growth and employment opportunities, showed that this business group work on considerably more people than the number of a person who works in ub.pentingnya smes as one source of the growth of employment opportunities in indonesia not only in the condition of a static, manwho is the number of work in the business group which is much more abundant than absorbed by UB , but it can also be seen in the condition of a dynamic, that is from the rate of inflation figure every year that is higher than in ub .In the group of sme there are differences between UK and UM.

C.     Value output and added value of

The role of smes in Indonesia in form of contribution from output on the establishment of or gdp growth large enough, although not amounting to contribution of the creation employment opportunities. Contribution no or nt on the establishment of gdp far higher than the contribution of UM. But, this difference not because levels of productivity in the united kingdom is higher than in UM, but more driven by the number of units and l that is much more UK than in UM and UB.

From the data BPS (statistics Indonesia 2001 of no and nt of UK in the industrial sector manufacturing according to industry group code 31 s/d 39), there are some interesting things. First, no or nt vary according to subsector, and most many (as indicated by data from other sources the food, and drink, and tobacco (31), textile and its products (tpt), and the skin and its products (32), and wood and its products (33), who gives a the impression that fish, and imido. generally more the lead in third subsector that compared in subsektor-subsektor other. Second, in several clusters industry as 31 and 33, NO or NT of IMI is greater than IK.

While the results of susi (2000) provides the data about value gross products (NO), the cost between, and wages as well as their salary of no effort are legal entities. Of the difference between no and the cost between, can be obtained a picture on the size of the nt created by this business group. Big trade, retail, and the fed as well as accommodation services is a sector where no effort are legal entities produce no the largest; was followed processing industry. In sector the past, no of imido. slightly lower than no created by fish. In susi 2000, no and the reckoning nt of no effort are legal entities also in jaabarkan according to region.

D.     Export

Besides contribution on the growth of employment opportunities and as a an important source of income, smes in indonesia also was expected to because it has great potential as one important source the development (diversified and growth x, especially x manufacturing. The ability Indonesian smes to realize potential x determined by a combination of a number of factors the relative prominence owned indonesian smes over rivals, better than national and international quarters. In the context of economy, international trade, the senses of the relative prominence a comparison is now made excellence komperatif. Excellence komporatif owned UK indonesia especially it is labor-intensive and Indonesia has the number of l a great, skill ”traditional” owned small businesses and workers in mambuat the product is mainly goods craft (which is skill the community that already owned longer than generation to generation), and the raw materials that abundant (especially of agricultural products). Unfortunately UK in Indonesia is still relatively weak especially in human resources in appeal management, marketing, production process modern or more advanced (out production traditionally), innovation and command of new technology.

The results of susi 2000, giving facts empirical on the no effort are legal entities who performs x (directly or indirectly through an intermediary as traders, trading company or trading of the houses). From the survey there are two interesting things. First, of 14.948 units make the sale market outside public most of them are of category fish, a ( 13.191 units ), the distribution pattern it gave an indication of that fish, a are more oriented towards x compared imido. The second thing the interesting thing is that of 20.454 units do x, not all of them sell 100 % of their produce to outside market public. Is that export a small minority of their product and the rest sold in the domestic market.

The results of susi 2000 is to provide information on the distribution of 20.454 units do x according to region. Some there was much in java and bali, like the one in discuss formerly closely related to the fact that populoasi of UK in Indonesia concentrated in Java and Bali. The interesting thing is that this data that no single unit in Kalimantan and Maluku and Irian Jaya who performs x. This gives the impression UK in western region of more advanced and more exports than fellow east zone except Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara was relatively small.

E.      The prospect of smes in the era of free trade and globalization the world economy

For every business unit of all the scale and in all economic sectors, the era of free trade and globalization the world economy on one side will create many opportunities. On the other hand will create much challenges when cannot faced with good will turn into threat. The form of a chance and challenges that will appear will differ according to types of activities a different economy. Globalization the world economy also enlarge uncertainty especially because increasing mobilization of capital, man, and resources other production and the integrated production activities, investment and finance government-to-government among others could cause economic fluctution in the area from exposure directly from unstable economic in other areas.

1.      She Nature of SME Presence 

A negative growth Rate of the total UK smaller than what was experienced by UM and UB. This difference in one side gives the impression that in general the UK more "hardiness" compared to two other it business group in the face of an economic turmoil. Relatively more good UK compared UM or UB in the face of the economic crisis years in 1998 not be separated with the nature of existence, let alone the UM UB in indonesia. A different nature is very important to understand, to be able to predict the future of the UK or SMES.

As in other LCDs, UK in Indonesia dominated by traditional business units, which on the one hand, it can be built and operate only with working capital and investment capital is small and without the need to apply the system of organization and management of a modern complex and expensive, such as in modern businesses (UB and up to a certain level of UM), and on the other, UM, different to the UK generally make simple consumption goods for the needs of the low-income community groups. To make these items, the UK not too require L to the level of formal education is high and should be paid handsomely (no need to wear a Manager with an MBA diploma or undergraduate diplomas which have economic or an engineer) and does not require sophisticated technology (T) in the form of machinery and modern means of production, therefore, it is not surprising that saw Indonesia is of low educated groups of people (Elementary School), and most of them use the machine as well as a simple means of production or engineering results themselves. 

The implications of this nature with a different UM and UB. The UK is actually not too dependent on Government facilities including skim-skim krdit cheap. Many studies showed that the dependency of the UK against the capital of sumer informal sources is much greater than against banking credit for various reasons.

2.      The ability SMES (Small Medium Enterprise)

In this era of free trade and globalization the world economy, progress t, mastery science, and quality of resources high (professional) is three factors competitive advantage that will be dominant in determining good whereabouts of the prospect of an effort. If medium and small-scale enterprises Indonesia did not have third competitive advantage was even, Indonesian smes will threatened of segments market own by products m with a lower price and the quality and better design, as is the case sekaarang with raise of goods from china gets traditional markets.

The importance of third factors competitive advantage the combined with factors other powers that very much determined the prospect of smes in the future. In the era of free trade and globalization the world economy, external environment domestic influenced by three important factor, that is three the challenges facing by any companies in Indonesia. If companies in indonesia not ready, the challenges of the can change into four threat.

http://www.bps.go.id/tab_sub/view.php?tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=09&notab=3

http://repository.ipb.ac.id/bitstream/handle/123456789/5612/Tinjauan%20Pustaka_2009sus-3.pdf;jsessionid=381FFCF65F0C2C93BF08BCCBFEB07A99?sequence=7

CHAPTER II

Kemenkop smes would keep pushing the next grade

Yogyakarta - cooperative ministry small and medium enterprises (kemenkop smes) continue to encourage msmb sector next grade. Efforts they do to improve and competitiveness umkm in the free market asean economic community (MEA). Assistance from the human resources (resources), until the capital their marketing do.

Deputy for restructuring ministry business cooperatives Yuan Sutyowati express, the number of smes in Indonesia currently around 54 million and most needed assistance to free MEA era.

To increase the competitiveness of smes that could not performed alone by the ministry of cooperatives and smes, but must involve stakeholders in Indonesia.

“Six deputy at the ministry of with stakeholders from banks and state enterprises (in the state owned) such as telkom we trailer , 'he said when it opens national congress smes and national meeting in a companion umkm sahid highway hotel, Yogyakarta, Wednesday (25/5/2016).

To increase the competitiveness, the agency work with banks to assist capital. While for assistance resources, he has have a companion at district level five people and province seven people.

In addition, to assist the marketing, the agency work with PT. Telkom. Soe has a duty to support among smes towards the era of the marketing digitalisation through online.

One who is currently spurred further ministry of cooperatives and smes is to centers integrated business (PLUT). The most important being PLUT assignee with various matters relating to smes. The most important being PLUT not only provided assistance service, they also had raised umkm in various ways, including marketing manually or integrated.

The most important being PLUT have separate building can be used as a display smes products. Currently has only around 9 the most important being PLUT, and this year the there will be more 49 the most important being PLUT.

He targets, in three years will be no 235 most important being PLUT scattered throughout Indonesa, especially in 15.000 smes existing. One heavy duty them is getting into the digital world, namely with the marketing of e-commerce. They will be pursued to enter the world of e-commerce. We target 'there are 23 most important being PLUT already e-commerce this year,' explained.

Yuan added, all the program invites synergy all parties. To banking circles are instructed they apply single digits to their credit. Because apart from circles could help smes, that effort also as one effort or preparation entering an MEA’s era.

http://ekbis.sindonews.com/read/1111395/34/kemenkop-ukm-terus-dorong-umkm-naik-kelas-1464174481

Analysis :

In the face of the international market free (MEA) start since the end of 2015 government should hold assistance and guidance on how to face competitors and running a business this time. A step the government steps to improve smes in the era of mea already be said to be very helpful to increase the competitiveness of smes, the bank will also take part in this, with help in terms of capital. It just means that in need to run this plan, the government needs to encourage and expand centers construction business integrated services (most important being PLUT), that guidance for the smes can be implemented.